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We are now sharing the 7 terminologies taken from the subject Surveying. The 7 terminologies are as under General Notes The purpose of surveying is to create a plan and a map. The plan is a large-scale depiction of a limited region. A map is a small-scale depiction of a limited region. The surveying principle To start with the big picture and work my way down to the details At least two measurements are required to find a new station. Geodetic surveying (area > 250 km2) is when the curvature of the earth is considered. Plane surveying (Area 250 km2) is when the curvature of the earth is not considered. On the surface of the earth, the difference between the long arch of a circle and the subtended chord is 0.1 meters for 18.2 kilometers, 0.3 meters for 54.3 kilometers, and 0.5 meters for 91 kilometers. The sum of the angles on a spherical triangle on the earth's surface and the equivalent plane triangle is 1 second per 195.5 square kilometers of land area. Rad

6 most important 1 liners from the subject Steel taken from the field Civil Engineering 1 Liners from the subject Steel Poisson's ratio "Poisson's ratio v" is a measure of the Poisson effect, which is the deformation (expansion or contraction) of material in directions perpendicular to the specific direction of loading in materials science and solid mechanics. The negative of the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain is Poisson's ratio. "v" is the amount of transversal elongation divided by the amount of axial compression for modest values of these changes. The Poisson's ratio of most materials is between 0.0 and 0.5. Poisson's ratio is around 0.5 in soft materials like rubber, where the bulk modulus is larger than the shear modulus. Poisson's ratio is approaching zero in open-cell polymer foams because the cells collapse with compression. The Poisson's ratios of several common solids are in the range of 0.2-0.3. Simeon Poisson,

Meaning of the 7 different terminologies used in the Staircase 7 different terminologies are as under TREAD A staircase tread is the physical step of a staircase where your foot is placed. RISER From one tread to the next, the vertical dimension is termed as Riser. GOING Individual goings of steps are measured from the face of the riser to the face of the riser and should be a minimum of 240mm for residential usage. STRINGERS There are two fundamental forms on the stairwell's sides. A full stringer is a board that includes treads and risers. Cut stringer is installed on the treads and risers' undersides. NOSING The front overhang of the tread, which is usually 20mm. For a cleaner appearance, modern stairs frequently do not have an overhang. LANDING Between two flights of steps, there is an intermediate level or platform. Landings, which might be a ½ landing or a ¼ landing, allow for directional adjustments in stair movement. FLOOR TO FLOOR The total rise of the

The 6 important terms taken from the subject of the Estimation Following are the 6 important terms from the estimation Annuity That is the annual quarterly contributions made by a party to refund the capital sum spent. Annuity Certain An annuity certain is one in which the sum of an annuity is accrued over a set number of dates or years. Annuity Due If the balance of an annuity is charged at the start of each month of the year and payments occur for a certain number of years, it is referred to as an annuity due. Deferred Annuity Deferred Annuity occurs as the payment of an annuity resumes at an unknown date after a period of years. Perpetual Annuity A lifelong annuity is one in which the contributions to an annuity begin indefinitely. Rent It is a charge made on an annual or quarterly basis for the use of land or land and construction. Thanks for reading the article, keep sharing it. Thanks, Kumar Bhanushali

Advantages of using minerals in cement are as given under Minerals are having their own advantages if using it with Cement Fly ash Increases structural protection and toughness Increases resistance to toxic threats Better workability Blast furnace slag Improved stability Increased setting time Strength benefit lasts for a long time Reduced chance of alkali-silica reaction injury Impervious to chloride and sulphate threats Silica fumes Better compressive power and abrasion resistance Reduced chloride ion permeability Improved workability Cuts down on bleeding Rise husky ash Reduced heat of hydration in concrete Reduced permeability in concrete Improved resilience to chloride and sulphate attacks Metakaolin Improved compressive and flexural strength Reduced permeability More chemically tolerant Durability is improved. Hope you liked this article, Thanks for reading it. Thanks, Kumar Bhanushali

Notes on Building Material and Construction (in short form, BMC) Common Building Materials from Building Material and Construction are Cement Lime Aggregates Mortar Admixture Concrete Bricks Stones Steel Timber Miscellaneous Cement Cement is an organic building material with a binding property of construction that was invented by Mr. Joseph Aspedin in the years 1824-1825. Calcareous Compounds (Compounds containing Ca, Hg) and Argillaceous Compounds make up the majority of cement (Compounds having Silica, Aluminium Oxides) Examples of Calcareous Compounds are Limestones, Cement Rocks, Chalk, Marine Shell, Alkali Waste Examples of Argillaceous Compounds are the Clay, Slate, Ash OPC's Different Constituents (i.e Ordinary Portland Cement) Lime (CaO - 62% to 67%) It gives cement its strength and stability. If there is so much lime in the mortar, it becomes unsound, allowing it to spread and then disintegrate. A lack of lime decreases the strength of

1 liners from Surveying subject taken from the field Civil Engineering Common 1 liners from Surveying R.L. (Reduced Level) Any point's R.L. reflects its elevation (above or below 0 with respect to mean sea level as a datum). Axis of the telescope The line that runs from the objective's optical core to the eyepiece's center. Axis of the level tube At its mid-point, an imaginary line tangential to the tube's longitudinal curve. Backsight Backsight is a reading taken by a staff member on a known elevation point. Benchmark A benchmark is a known elevation above the datum that is fixed. Datum A datum is a level surface (real or imagined) that is used as a reference. Elevation The vertical distance above or below a datum is the elevation of a point/station on or near the earth's surface. Height of instrument The height of the instrument, also known as HI the instrument's height, is the elevation of the telescope's line of sight. Horizontal plane A plane can still

Few of the Important 1 Liners from the subject Irrigation Engineering Irrigation Engineering - 1 liners Kor-watering Kor-Watering of Crops refers to the first watering provided to a crop after it has grown a few centimeters. The ideal depth for kor-watering, For Rice - 19cm For Wheat - 13.5cm For Sugarcane - 16.5cm Paleo (Paleva) Paleo, also known as Paleva, is the first watering before planting the crop. Base Period The interval between the first and last waterings Crop Period Time elapsed between crop sowing and harvesting. Aqueduct (like a bridge) A canal that spans a natural drain. Super Passage Natural Drainage Across the Canal Level Crossing Both the natural drain and the canal are on the same level. Syphon Aqueduct Built where the H.F.L of natural drainage is greater than the H.F.L of the canal bed Other 1 Liners The Mass Inflow Curve is used to calculate reservoir capacity for a given demand. Clover Leaf Cofferdam Is a Cellular Type The Phreatic Line

Most Important 1 Liners from the Various Subjects of the Civil Engineering Common most important 1 liners from various subjects 1 Liners about Plumbing services Plumbing systems provide services such as water supply, irrigation, and sanitation, among others. Pipes Soil pipe: A soil pipe is a pipe through which human excreta flows Waste pipe: It is a pipe that carries only liquid waste. It does not carry human excreta. Vent pipe: It is a pipe that is provided for the purpose of the ventilation of the system. It facilitates the exit of foul gases. Rainwater pipe: It is a pipe that carries only rainwater. Anti-siphonage pipe: It is a pipe that is installed in the house drainage to preserve the water seal of traps. Varied sizes of pipe are commonly used in house drainage, Soil Pipe: 100mm, Waste pipe (Horizontal): 30 to 50 mm, Waste pipe (Vertical): 75 mm, Rainwater pipe: 75 mm, Vent pipe: 50 mm, Anti siphonage pipe - Connected with soil pipe: 50mm & Connecting waste pi

1 liners from the Strength of Materials in Civil Engineering Important 1 liners from the strength of materials are as under, Endurance Limit The Endurance Limit is the stress threshold at which a substance has a high chance of not collapsing under reversal of stress... Or, Endurance Limit is the stress level at which a substance cracks under a significant number of stress reversals... Ductility The maximum amount of pressure that can be extracted from a material until it cracks. Malleability The ability of a material to be distorted or dispersed in a variety of ways. Compressive forces are mostly to blame when rolling, pushing, or hammering. Creep The substance undergoes more displacement with the progression of time when continuously loaded past the Elastic limit. Fatigue Degradation of a material caused by repetitive periods of stress or strain leads to gradual cracking and ultimately fracture. Tenacity The ability to withstand fracture when subjected to a tensile load. Toughness Up