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The general civil construction works methodology followed The general civil construction works methodology in India may vary based on the project requirements, site conditions, and other factors. However, here are some basic steps that are typically followed in civil construction projects: Site Survey:  The first step in any construction project is to conduct a site survey to understand the topography, soil type, and other geological conditions. Site Preparation:  Once the survey is completed, the site needs to be prepared by clearing the land, removing any obstructions, and leveling the ground. Excavation:  Excavation involves digging trenches, foundations, and other required spaces as per the design and construction plans. Foundation:  The foundation is the base on which the structure is built, and it should be strong and sturdy. The foundation is usually made of concrete, and steel reinforcement is added to increase its strength. Superstructure:  Once the fou...

Units of various items observed during  work | Estimates and cost calculations Units for the Earth Work All the units in the earthworks are to be measured in the unit of Cubic Meter, i.e. m3, except the following; the work of the surface dressing, leveling, cleaning, etc. are to be measured in the unit of the Square Meter, i.e. m2; Cutting of the trees (Girth Specified) is measured in the Nos; For the earthwork, the normal lead and normal lifts are 30m and 1.5m respectively. Units for the Concrete Work All the work of the concrete is measured in the unit of Cubic Meter, i.e. m3, except the following; Lime concreting work that is carried at the roof terrace are measured in the Square Meter, i.e. m2; Screed concrete work is also measured in the Square Meter, i.e. m2; Sometimes PCC is also measured in the Square Meter, i.e. m2; We can say that those work under concreting where thickness is lesser, then it can be measurable in the unit of  Square Meter, i.e. m2. Units for the...