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The methodology for repairing and restoring a rock bund. General Methodology The methodology for repairing and restoring a rock bund, including the general civil works of PCC, reinforcement, shuttering, RCC, and gabion box filling with stones, geotextiles laying, checking, and inspecting is a multi-step process.  Site Preparation The first step in this process is site preparation. This involves clearing the area around the rock bund to be repaired and ensuring that it is clean and free of any debris or obstructions that could interfere with construction work. Inspection and Assessment Once the site is prepared, a thorough inspection of the rock bund should be carried out by a qualified engineer. This inspection will identify any areas of damage or deterioration that need to be addressed during the repair process. Design and Engineering Based on the results of the inspection, a detailed design and engineering plan should be developed. This plan should include the specific repairs re...

Civil Engineering - Its Branches, History, Evolutions, Scope, and Updates Detailed Article on Civil Engineering, its Branches, History, Evolution, Scope, Updates in this engineering, Benefits to mankind, Future of Civil Engineering, and the Conclusion. Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment, including buildings, bridges, roads, airports, tunnels, dams, and other structures. It has a rich history that spans thousands of years, and it has evolved significantly over time to meet the changing needs of society. History and Evolution The history of civil engineering can be traced back to the construction of the pyramids in Egypt, which were built around 2500 BC. Over the centuries, civil engineering has played a crucial role in the development of human civilizations, from the aqueducts of ancient Rome to the skyscrapers of modern cities. The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries br...

Structural Engineering Evolution - History, Present, and Future Structural engineering is a branch of civil engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of structures such as buildings, bridges, towers, and other infrastructure. It involves analyzing the forces acting on a structure and determining how to make it withstand these forces while also ensuring it is safe, functional, and aesthetically pleasing. History of Structural Engineering The history of structural engineering can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, who constructed impressive structures using primitive materials such as wood, stone, and mud. The development of iron and steel in the 19th century revolutionized structural engineering, enabling the construction of taller, larger, and more complex structures. The present scenario of Structural Engineering In the present scenario, structural engineering is a rapidly growing field, thanks to ad...

The general civil construction works methodology followed The general civil construction works methodology in India may vary based on the project requirements, site conditions, and other factors. However, here are some basic steps that are typically followed in civil construction projects: Site Survey:  The first step in any construction project is to conduct a site survey to understand the topography, soil type, and other geological conditions. Site Preparation:  Once the survey is completed, the site needs to be prepared by clearing the land, removing any obstructions, and leveling the ground. Excavation:  Excavation involves digging trenches, foundations, and other required spaces as per the design and construction plans. Foundation:  The foundation is the base on which the structure is built, and it should be strong and sturdy. The foundation is usually made of concrete, and steel reinforcement is added to increase its strength. Superstructure:  Once the fou...

Methodology for the Construction of Bituminous Road Works The construction of Bituminous Road Works in India is governed by the Indian Standards and guidelines provided by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). Here is a general methodology to be followed for the construction of Bituminous Road Works as per Indian Standards: Subgrade Preparation: The subgrade is prepared by excavating the soil and removing any debris or organic material. It is then compacted to achieve the required density and level. The subgrade should have a minimum CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of 2% for rural roads and 5% for urban roads. Granular Sub-Base (GSB):  The GSB layer is constructed on top of the subgrade to provide a stable base for the bituminous layer. The GSB layer is typically 200-300 mm thick and consists of crushed stone or gravel. The material is compacted to achieve the required density and level. Bituminous Concrete (BC) Layer:  The bituminous layer is constructed o...

The key points of being a civil engineer The key factors of being a civil engineer Construction civil engineers have a terrific deal of duties of their discipline. They are immediately liable for the control and making plans in relation to building reservoirs, dams, homes, railroads, airports, bridges, and highways. Not handiest do they use resources in designing, however, in addition, they participate in estimating fees, scheduling, making plans, acquiring materials, deciding on gadgets used, and controlling fees. In the sector of creation civil engineering, the layout of the technique of creation, evaluation, science, and arithmetic are all essential. What is more, is that creation civil engineers are entirely liable for among the homes and systems you operate on a regular basis. The bridges you power over, the tunnels you power through, the dams you see, the houses you stay in, the organizations you operate, and the airports you fly out of. There are few quantities of obligati...

How to find out the Construction Cost of a 750 Sqft House Slab in the Year 2021? Here we go for the steps we need to take care of for finding the Construction Cost of a 750 Sqft House Slab in the Year 2021 Volume Calculations Table-1 Material Calculations Qty of Cement Required Please Note: Always Use M20 (1:1.5:3) Grade of Concrete for Slab Total Ratio = 1+1.5+3 = 5.5 Now, converting the quantity from cum to kg, we need the density of the cement in the unit of the kg/cum, and the density of the cement is 1440kg/cum As we know that 50 kgs of the cement make 1 bag, hence, 3567.942 kgs in bags will be 71.359 bags Qty of Sand Required To convert the cum of sands in cft, we have to multiply the quantity by 35.314, hence, the sand required in cft will be 131.248 cft Qty of Aggregates Required Converting the cum to cft, we should multiply the quantity by 35.314, hence, the aggregates required in cft will be 262.496 cft Qty of Reinf Steel Required Considering the qty of steel, 0.5% to 1...

Units of various items observed during  work | Estimates and cost calculations Units for the Earth Work All the units in the earthworks are to be measured in the unit of Cubic Meter, i.e. m3, except the following; the work of the surface dressing, leveling, cleaning, etc. are to be measured in the unit of the Square Meter, i.e. m2; Cutting of the trees (Girth Specified) is measured in the Nos; For the earthwork, the normal lead and normal lifts are 30m and 1.5m respectively. Units for the Concrete Work All the work of the concrete is measured in the unit of Cubic Meter, i.e. m3, except the following; Lime concreting work that is carried at the roof terrace are measured in the Square Meter, i.e. m2; Screed concrete work is also measured in the Square Meter, i.e. m2; Sometimes PCC is also measured in the Square Meter, i.e. m2; We can say that those work under concreting where thickness is lesser, then it can be measurable in the unit of  Square Meter, i.e. m2. Units for the...

About Civil Engineering, Did you know these about? 12 basic things you should know about the civil engineering. 1. The weight of the Reinforcement Steel is calculated with the help of the formula, D2/162. Where D is the diameter of the reinforcement. 2. For the cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X 15cm X 15cm or 10cm X 10cm x 10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical molds of size, 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used. 3. The concrete cubes are filled into the 3 layers 4. The slump cone is filled into the 4 layers 5. The minimum % of the steel used in the column is 0.08% of the gross area 6. The maximum % of the steel used in the column is 6.00% of the gross area 7. The minimum % of the steel used in the beam is 1.00% of the gross area 8. The maximum % of the steel used in the beam is 2.00% of the gross area 9. The minimum % of the steel used in the slab is 0.70% of the gross area 10. The maximum % of the steel used in the slab...

Chapter 1 - Introduction to estimating and Surveying by EngineersIndia Introduction to Estimating Estimating may be described as a prediction of the likely cost of a construction or a project before the work begins. It takes talent, experience, foresight, and excellent judgment on the side of the estimator, as well as a thorough understanding of the materials and labor costs involved in the project. If labor and material costs stay constant, a reasonable estimate should not deviate by more than 15% from the actual cost of the project after completion. Guesswork entails making a random decision based on all relevant information. It may result in a figure that is either too high or too low. Estimating aids in the alteration or modification of a project to fit inside a budget. It is helpful in preparing tenders for construction projects and inspecting the work done by contractors for interim and final payments. It also serves as a foundation for determining the regular rent for buildi...

BOGUES COMPOUNDS Taken from the notes of Common Building Materials. Define Bogues Compounds As all the above-mentioned cement materials mentioned in the "Building Material and Construction (BMC)" are intergraded and burned, they combine to create a complex chemical compound known as BOGUES COMPOUNDS, which is responsible for the cement’s properties Bogues Compounds Tri Calcium Aluminate [3CaO.Al2O3].[Celite].[C3A] - 7% to 14% Thanks, Kumar Bhanushali

6 most important 1 liners from the subject Steel taken from the field Civil Engineering 1 Liners from the subject Steel Poisson's ratio "Poisson's ratio v" is a measure of the Poisson effect, which is the deformation (expansion or contraction) of material in directions perpendicular to the specific direction of loading in materials science and solid mechanics. The negative of the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain is Poisson's ratio. "v" is the amount of transversal elongation divided by the amount of axial compression for modest values of these changes. The Poisson's ratio of most materials is between 0.0 and 0.5. Poisson's ratio is around 0.5 in soft materials like rubber, where the bulk modulus is larger than the shear modulus. Poisson's ratio is approaching zero in open-cell polymer foams because the cells collapse with compression. The Poisson's ratios of several common solids are in the range of 0.2-0.3. Simeon Poisson, ...

Meaning of the 7 different terminologies used in the Staircase 7 different terminologies are as under TREAD A staircase tread is the physical step of a staircase where your foot is placed. RISER From one tread to the next, the vertical dimension is termed as Riser. GOING Individual goings of steps are measured from the face of the riser to the face of the riser and should be a minimum of 240mm for residential usage. STRINGERS There are two fundamental forms on the stairwell's sides. A full stringer is a board that includes treads and risers. Cut stringer is installed on the treads and risers' undersides. NOSING The front overhang of the tread, which is usually 20mm. For a cleaner appearance, modern stairs frequently do not have an overhang. LANDING Between two flights of steps, there is an intermediate level or platform. Landings, which might be a ½ landing or a ¼ landing, allow for directional adjustments in stair movement. FLOOR TO FLOOR The total rise of the ...

Advantages of using minerals in cement are as given under Minerals are having their own advantages if using it with Cement Fly ash Increases structural protection and toughness Increases resistance to toxic threats Better workability Blast furnace slag Improved stability Increased setting time Strength benefit lasts for a long time Reduced chance of alkali-silica reaction injury Impervious to chloride and sulphate threats Silica fumes Better compressive power and abrasion resistance Reduced chloride ion permeability Improved workability Cuts down on bleeding Rise husky ash Reduced heat of hydration in concrete Reduced permeability in concrete Improved resilience to chloride and sulphate attacks Metakaolin Improved compressive and flexural strength Reduced permeability More chemically tolerant Durability is improved. Hope you liked this article, Thanks for reading it. Thanks, Kumar Bhanushali

Few of the Important 1 Liners from the subject Irrigation Engineering Irrigation Engineering - 1 liners Kor-watering Kor-Watering of Crops refers to the first watering provided to a crop after it has grown a few centimeters. The ideal depth for kor-watering, For Rice - 19cm For Wheat - 13.5cm For Sugarcane - 16.5cm Paleo (Paleva) Paleo, also known as Paleva, is the first watering before planting the crop. Base Period The interval between the first and last waterings Crop Period Time elapsed between crop sowing and harvesting. Aqueduct (like a bridge) A canal that spans a natural drain. Super Passage Natural Drainage Across the Canal Level Crossing Both the natural drain and the canal are on the same level. Syphon Aqueduct Built where the H.F.L of natural drainage is greater than the H.F.L of the canal bed Other 1 Liners The Mass Inflow Curve is used to calculate reservoir capacity for a given demand. Clover Leaf Cofferdam Is a Cellular Type The Phreatic Line...

Most Important 1 Liners from the Various Subjects of the Civil Engineering Common most important 1 liners from various subjects 1 Liners about Plumbing services Plumbing systems provide services such as water supply, irrigation, and sanitation, among others. Pipes Soil pipe: A soil pipe is a pipe through which human excreta flows Waste pipe: It is a pipe that carries only liquid waste. It does not carry human excreta. Vent pipe: It is a pipe that is provided for the purpose of the ventilation of the system. It facilitates the exit of foul gases. Rainwater pipe: It is a pipe that carries only rainwater. Anti-siphonage pipe: It is a pipe that is installed in the house drainage to preserve the water seal of traps. Varied sizes of pipe are commonly used in house drainage, Soil Pipe: 100mm, Waste pipe (Horizontal): 30 to 50 mm, Waste pipe (Vertical): 75 mm, Rainwater pipe: 75 mm, Vent pipe: 50 mm, Anti siphonage pipe - Connected with soil pipe: 50mm & Connecting waste pi...

1 liners from the Strength of Materials in Civil Engineering Important 1 liners from the strength of materials are as under, Endurance Limit The Endurance Limit is the stress threshold at which a substance has a high chance of not collapsing under reversal of stress... Or, Endurance Limit is the stress level at which a substance cracks under a significant number of stress reversals... Ductility The maximum amount of pressure that can be extracted from a material until it cracks. Malleability The ability of a material to be distorted or dispersed in a variety of ways. Compressive forces are mostly to blame when rolling, pushing, or hammering. Creep The substance undergoes more displacement with the progression of time when continuously loaded past the Elastic limit. Fatigue Degradation of a material caused by repetitive periods of stress or strain leads to gradual cracking and ultimately fracture. Tenacity The ability to withstand fracture when subjected to a tensile load. Toughness Up ...