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Civil Engineering - Its Branches, History, Evolutions, Scope, and Updates Detailed Article on Civil Engineering, its Branches, History, Evolution, Scope, Updates in this engineering, Benefits to mankind, Future of Civil Engineering, and the Conclusion. Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment, including buildings, bridges, roads, airports, tunnels, dams, and other structures. It has a rich history that spans thousands of years, and it has evolved significantly over time to meet the changing needs of society. History and Evolution The history of civil engineering can be traced back to the construction of the pyramids in Egypt, which were built around 2500 BC. Over the centuries, civil engineering has played a crucial role in the development of human civilizations, from the aqueducts of ancient Rome to the skyscrapers of modern cities. The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries br...

Structural Engineering Evolution - History, Present, and Future Structural engineering is a branch of civil engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of structures such as buildings, bridges, towers, and other infrastructure. It involves analyzing the forces acting on a structure and determining how to make it withstand these forces while also ensuring it is safe, functional, and aesthetically pleasing. History of Structural Engineering The history of structural engineering can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, who constructed impressive structures using primitive materials such as wood, stone, and mud. The development of iron and steel in the 19th century revolutionized structural engineering, enabling the construction of taller, larger, and more complex structures. The present scenario of Structural Engineering In the present scenario, structural engineering is a rapidly growing field, thanks to ad...

The general civil construction works methodology followed The general civil construction works methodology in India may vary based on the project requirements, site conditions, and other factors. However, here are some basic steps that are typically followed in civil construction projects: Site Survey:  The first step in any construction project is to conduct a site survey to understand the topography, soil type, and other geological conditions. Site Preparation:  Once the survey is completed, the site needs to be prepared by clearing the land, removing any obstructions, and leveling the ground. Excavation:  Excavation involves digging trenches, foundations, and other required spaces as per the design and construction plans. Foundation:  The foundation is the base on which the structure is built, and it should be strong and sturdy. The foundation is usually made of concrete, and steel reinforcement is added to increase its strength. Superstructure:  Once the fou...

Methodology for the Construction of Bituminous Road Works The construction of Bituminous Road Works in India is governed by the Indian Standards and guidelines provided by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). Here is a general methodology to be followed for the construction of Bituminous Road Works as per Indian Standards: Subgrade Preparation: The subgrade is prepared by excavating the soil and removing any debris or organic material. It is then compacted to achieve the required density and level. The subgrade should have a minimum CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of 2% for rural roads and 5% for urban roads. Granular Sub-Base (GSB):  The GSB layer is constructed on top of the subgrade to provide a stable base for the bituminous layer. The GSB layer is typically 200-300 mm thick and consists of crushed stone or gravel. The material is compacted to achieve the required density and level. Bituminous Concrete (BC) Layer:  The bituminous layer is constructed o...

Chapter 2 - Different Types of Estimates In our earlier article, i.e. Chapter 1 – Basic Introduction to Estimating and Quantity Surveying , we have learned about the basics of Estimates and Quantity Surveying. Now, in this article, we will be going to learn about the different types of estimates that are used to carry out the estimates in this field of Civil Engineering. Follow the article to learn more about the types of estimates, Types of Estimates Detailed estimate or Item Rate estimate or Intensive estimate. A detailed estimate is a precise estimate that is created in two steps. The first stage involves accurately extracting the measurements of each item from the drawings and computing the amounts beneath each item. The cost of each piece of work is determined in the second step, and the overall cost is computed by adding all of the expenses together. A percentage of the projected cost is added to account for those things that do not fall under any of the other headings, as well...

6 most important 1 liners from the subject Steel taken from the field Civil Engineering 1 Liners from the subject Steel Poisson's ratio "Poisson's ratio v" is a measure of the Poisson effect, which is the deformation (expansion or contraction) of material in directions perpendicular to the specific direction of loading in materials science and solid mechanics. The negative of the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain is Poisson's ratio. "v" is the amount of transversal elongation divided by the amount of axial compression for modest values of these changes. The Poisson's ratio of most materials is between 0.0 and 0.5. Poisson's ratio is around 0.5 in soft materials like rubber, where the bulk modulus is larger than the shear modulus. Poisson's ratio is approaching zero in open-cell polymer foams because the cells collapse with compression. The Poisson's ratios of several common solids are in the range of 0.2-0.3. Simeon Poisson, ...

Meaning of the 7 different terminologies used in the Staircase 7 different terminologies are as under TREAD A staircase tread is the physical step of a staircase where your foot is placed. RISER From one tread to the next, the vertical dimension is termed as Riser. GOING Individual goings of steps are measured from the face of the riser to the face of the riser and should be a minimum of 240mm for residential usage. STRINGERS There are two fundamental forms on the stairwell's sides. A full stringer is a board that includes treads and risers. Cut stringer is installed on the treads and risers' undersides. NOSING The front overhang of the tread, which is usually 20mm. For a cleaner appearance, modern stairs frequently do not have an overhang. LANDING Between two flights of steps, there is an intermediate level or platform. Landings, which might be a ½ landing or a ¼ landing, allow for directional adjustments in stair movement. FLOOR TO FLOOR The total rise of the ...

The 6 important terms taken from the subject of the Estimation Following are the 6 important terms from the estimation Annuity That is the annual quarterly contributions made by a party to refund the capital sum spent. Annuity Certain An annuity certain is one in which the sum of an annuity is accrued over a set number of dates or years. Annuity Due If the balance of an annuity is charged at the start of each month of the year and payments occur for a certain number of years, it is referred to as an annuity due. Deferred Annuity Deferred Annuity occurs as the payment of an annuity resumes at an unknown date after a period of years. Perpetual Annuity A lifelong annuity is one in which the contributions to an annuity begin indefinitely. Rent It is a charge made on an annual or quarterly basis for the use of land or land and construction. Thanks for reading the article, keep sharing it. Thanks, Kumar Bhanushali

Advantages of using minerals in cement are as given under Minerals are having their own advantages if using it with Cement Fly ash Increases structural protection and toughness Increases resistance to toxic threats Better workability Blast furnace slag Improved stability Increased setting time Strength benefit lasts for a long time Reduced chance of alkali-silica reaction injury Impervious to chloride and sulphate threats Silica fumes Better compressive power and abrasion resistance Reduced chloride ion permeability Improved workability Cuts down on bleeding Rise husky ash Reduced heat of hydration in concrete Reduced permeability in concrete Improved resilience to chloride and sulphate attacks Metakaolin Improved compressive and flexural strength Reduced permeability More chemically tolerant Durability is improved. Hope you liked this article, Thanks for reading it. Thanks, Kumar Bhanushali

Notes on Building Material and Construction (in short form, BMC) Common Building Materials from Building Material and Construction are Cement Lime Aggregates Mortar Admixture Concrete Bricks Stones Steel Timber Miscellaneous Cement Cement is an organic building material with a binding property of construction that was invented by Mr. Joseph Aspedin in the years 1824-1825. Calcareous Compounds (Compounds containing Ca, Hg) and Argillaceous Compounds make up the majority of cement (Compounds having Silica, Aluminium Oxides) Examples of Calcareous Compounds are Limestones, Cement Rocks, Chalk, Marine Shell, Alkali Waste Examples of Argillaceous Compounds are the Clay, Slate, Ash OPC's Different Constituents (i.e Ordinary Portland Cement) Lime (CaO - 62% to 67%) It gives cement its strength and stability. If there is so much lime in the mortar, it becomes unsound, allowing it to spread and then disintegrate. A lack of lime decreases the strength of ...