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With this article, we will know the most common abbreviations used in civil engineering. Let we start, The most common abbreviations used A.A.S.H.T.O – American Association of state highway Transport Official. A.C.I – American Concrete Institute. A.R.E.A – American Railway Engineering Association. A.B – Anchor Bolt or Asbestos Board AC – Asphalt Concrete A.S.C – Allowable Stress of concrete. A.S.T.M – American society for testing materials AC – Asbestos cement. AE – Assistant Engineer APM – Assistant Project Manager B.M – Benchmark B.M – Bending moment. BLK – Block Work BOQ – Bill of Quantities BRW – Brick Retaining Wall BWK – Brick Work B.O.F – Bottom of Foundation BHK – Bedroom, Hall, Kitchen C.I. Pipe – Cast iron pipe. C.I. Sheet – Corrugated Iron sheet. CL- Centre Line CRW – Concrete Retaining Wall CBW – Concrete Block Wall CIP – Cast in Place CMU – Concrete Masonry Unit CJ – Construction Joint CC – Centre to Centre CC – Cemen...

14 Principles of building planning 14 Principles of building planning that will provide you the brief knowledge about the principles involved and to is required during the planning of the building. Following are the 14 Principles of building planning used in the building construction Aspect / Appearance It is defined by the placement of windows and doors on outside walls in order to make use of natural resources such as sunshine, wind, and wind. Types of room and their suggested aspect: Drawing Room - South, SE Bed Room - West, SW Dining Room - South Kitchen - East Verandah - West, SW Prospect / Landscape Prospect means using stunning views of things outside of structures like gardens, lakes, seas, and rivers through windows, doors, and balconies. The property should have a good view so that the people who live there may feel happy. Orientation The arrangement of rooms in relation to the north direction is referred to as orientation. Privacy Privacy is an essential ...

Chapter 3 - The main items of work in the detailed estimates The main items of work are as under, Earthwork - Quantities are measured in cubic meters during both excavation and filling. Concrete in foundations - The cubic meter is the unit of measurement. Brick Soling Work - The quantity is measured in square meters, and it is nothing more than a single layer of bricks laid beneath the foundation concrete. D.P.C. (Damp Proof Course) - Quantity is measured in square meters. Masonry Work - Cubic meters are used to quantify quantity. Lintels over apertures - The cubic meter is the unit of measurement. Roofing and flooring - Quantities are measured in sq m. Work with Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.) - The cubic meter is the unit of measurement. Plastering and pointing - The square meter is the unit of measurement. Pillars - Cubic meters are used to quantify quantity. Quantity is measured in square meters for doors, windows, and ventilators. Kilograms and Tonnes are...

Chapter 2 - Different Types of Estimates In our earlier article, i.e. Chapter 1 – Basic Introduction to Estimating and Quantity Surveying , we have learned about the basics of Estimates and Quantity Surveying. Now, in this article, we will be going to learn about the different types of estimates that are used to carry out the estimates in this field of Civil Engineering. Follow the article to learn more about the types of estimates, Types of Estimates Detailed estimate or Item Rate estimate or Intensive estimate. A detailed estimate is a precise estimate that is created in two steps. The first stage involves accurately extracting the measurements of each item from the drawings and computing the amounts beneath each item. The cost of each piece of work is determined in the second step, and the overall cost is computed by adding all of the expenses together. A percentage of the projected cost is added to account for those things that do not fall under any of the other headings, as well...

Chapter 1 - Introduction to estimating and Surveying by EngineersIndia Introduction to Estimating Estimating may be described as a prediction of the likely cost of a construction or a project before the work begins. It takes talent, experience, foresight, and excellent judgment on the side of the estimator, as well as a thorough understanding of the materials and labor costs involved in the project. If labor and material costs stay constant, a reasonable estimate should not deviate by more than 15% from the actual cost of the project after completion. Guesswork entails making a random decision based on all relevant information. It may result in a figure that is either too high or too low. Estimating aids in the alteration or modification of a project to fit inside a budget. It is helpful in preparing tenders for construction projects and inspecting the work done by contractors for interim and final payments. It also serves as a foundation for determining the regular rent for buildi...

BOGUES COMPOUNDS Taken from the notes of Common Building Materials. Define Bogues Compounds As all the above-mentioned cement materials mentioned in the "Building Material and Construction (BMC)" are intergraded and burned, they combine to create a complex chemical compound known as BOGUES COMPOUNDS, which is responsible for the cement’s properties Bogues Compounds Tri Calcium Aluminate [3CaO.Al2O3].[Celite].[C3A] - 7% to 14% Thanks, Kumar Bhanushali

Chemical Characteristics of Drinking Water Chemical Characteristics H2O is the chemical formula for water. Water's capacity to "stick" to itself and other surfaces is due to its unusual form, which has both hydrogen atoms on the same side of the oxygen atom. The hydrogen atoms provide a positive electrical charge, whereas the oxygen atom produces a negative electrical charge. Total Dissolved Solids (<500) Total solids can be found by evaporating a sample of water and weighing the dry residue left. Suspended solids can be found by filtering a water sample through Whatman filter paper No.44 The maximum number of solids that can be present in water is usually regulated at 500 parts per million (ppm). pH (6.5 to 8.5) It is measure by hydrogen ion concentration in water. It is measure by Potentiometer and Colorimetric method Alkalinity & Acidity Alkalinity is caused by bicarbonates of Ca & Mg and carbonates, hydroxides of Ca, Mg, Na, K. Alkalinity effect...