Most Important 1 Liners (Civil Engineering)
Most Important 1 Liners from the Various Subjects of the Civil Engineering
Common most important 1 liners from various subjects
1 Liners about Plumbing services
- Plumbing systems provide services such as water supply, irrigation, and sanitation, among others.
- Pipes
- Soil pipe: A soil pipe is a pipe through which human excreta flows
- Waste pipe: It is a pipe that carries only liquid waste. It does not carry human excreta.
- Vent pipe: It is a pipe that is provided for the purpose of the ventilation of the system. It facilitates the exit of foul gases.
- Rainwater pipe: It is a pipe that carries only rainwater.
- Anti-siphonage pipe: It is a pipe that is installed in the house drainage to preserve the water seal of traps.
- Varied sizes of pipe are commonly used in house drainage, Soil Pipe: 100mm, Waste pipe (Horizontal): 30 to 50 mm, Waste pipe (Vertical): 75 mm, Rainwater pipe: 75 mm, Vent pipe: 50 mm, Anti siphonage pipe - Connected with soil pipe: 50mm & Connecting waste pipe: 40mm.
- Traps
- A trap is a depressed or bent fitting that, when installed in a drainage system, keeps the water level constant, ensuring a watertight seal.
- Water seals range in depth from 25 to 75 mm.
- Traps are divided into several categories.
- Based on the Shape
- P trap
- Q trap or half s trap
- S trap
- Based on the use
- Floor trap or nahni trap: It is used to collect wash water from floors, kitchens, and rooms.
- Gully trap: It is used to disconnect the sullage drain from the main drainage system.
- Intercepting traps: It is provided at the junction of the house drain with the public sewer or septic tank.
- Based on the Shape
1 Liners about Bricks
- Burnt Clay Bricks
- Molded clay is placed in a kiln and fired to create burnt clay bricks.
- These bricks are like white bread in that they are flexible and can be used in a variety of ways, despite not being the most thrilling bricks in the world.
- It's difficult to discuss forms of brick masonry without discussing burnt clay because it's so common and commonly used.
- Burnt clay bricks are divided into four grades, with first-class providing the highest consistency and weight.
- There are no visible defects in high-grade burnt clay bricks, but they can cost you more money.
- Concrete Bricks
- Are you looking for a sturdy brick to use on your fence or facade? Think concrete bricks if this is the case. The consistency isn't great, but they do a decent job of blocking heat and dampening noise.
- Concrete bricks aren't often a common alternative, owing to their striking appearance. However, if you just don't like the gray hue, you can choose a different dye during the manufacturing process.
- Sand Lime Bricks
- These are made up of a combination of sand, lime, and fly ash. The products are joined together by a chemical reaction that occurs in the middle of the wet mixing process.
- Engineering Bricks
- Engineering bricks can withstand extreme temperatures when they're manufactured at extremely high temperatures, resulting in a high density.
- Engineering bricks are best used in structural engineering ventures, as their name suggests. They're widely used for sewers, utility access holes, and retaining walls, for example.
- Fly Ash Clay Bricks
- Fly ash clay bricks are made by combining fly ash and clay, then firing them at incredibly elevated temperatures. Compared to burned clay bricks, they are less brittle.
- Coal-fired power plants produce fly ash as a byproduct. While it may be counterintuitive, fly ash brick production is safer for the environment than other forms of brick development.
- In India, it is now lowering carbon emissions.
1 Liners about Road Construction
- Concrete
- It is a popular choice for road construction because it is a durable material that can be used to build walls and local roads.
- This system is also less resistant to wear and tear issues like rutting, splitting texture stripping, and potholes.
- This is the primary explanation for its widespread adoption.
- Asphalt
- Some days, this method of architecture is displacing the use of concrete.
- They are very long-lasting, water-resistant, and can last even longer than concrete.
- Asphalt has a significant cost benefit over concrete. Concrete is much more costly than asphalt.
- Furthermore, asphalt produces no noise when being paved, and it is simple to fix and maintain. As a result, it is universally known and used by the public for pavement surfacing.
- Composite
- For road upkeep, recycling, and restoration, this approach is commonly used.
- The composite material is made up of a mixture of asphalt and concrete.
- Bituminous
- The bituminous material's solvent will evaporate, and the bitumen will bind the aggregate.
- It is used in road building because it is simple to make, reusable, non-toxic, and has a good binding capacity.
- Recycling
- There are three distinct kinds of maintenance techniques for recycling or restoring a deteriorated road surface.
- Full-depth replacement
- Hot or cold prepared road recycling
- Rubberizing
- There are three distinct kinds of maintenance techniques for recycling or restoring a deteriorated road surface.
1 Liners about Types of Soil
- Aeolian soil - Carried by the wind
- Alluvial soil - Carried by the river
- Lacustrine soil - Carried by the lake
- Marine soil - Carried by sea
- Loess - Carried by the wind
- Talus - Carried by the gravitational force
- Drift - Carried by the ice or glacier
1 Liners about Classification of soil
- Clay - <0.002mm
- Silt - 0.002mm to 0.075mm
- Coarse: - 0.02 to 0.075mm
- Medium: - 0.01 to 0.02mm
- Fine: - 0.002 to 0.01mm
- Sand - 0.075 to 4.75mm
- Coarse: - 2 to 4.75mm
- Medium: - 0.425 to 2mm
- Fine: - 0.075 to 0.425mm
- Gravel - 4.75 to 80mm
- Coarse: - 20 to 80mm
- Fine: - 4.75 to 20mm
- Coble - 80 to 300mm
- Boulder - >300mm
1 Liners about Clear Cover to be kept
- FOOTINGS: 50mm
- RAFT FOUNDATION TOP: 50mm
- RAFT FOUNDATION BOTTOM/SIDES: 75mm
- STRAP BEAM: 50mm
- GRADE SLAB: 20mm
- COLUMN: 40mm
- SHEAR WALL: 25mm
- BEAMS: 25mm
- SLABS: 15mm
- FLAT SLAB: 20mm
- STAIRCASE: 15mm
- RETAINING WALL: 20/25mm on earth
- WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES: 20/30mm
1 Liners about the Density of Construction Materials
- Concrete - 2300 kg/m3
- Asphalt Concrete - 2400 kg/m3
- Bricks - 1900 kg/m3
- Cement - 1400 kg/m3
- Clay (wet) - 2080 kg/m3
- Cement mortar - 1440 kg/m3
- Concrete (reinforced) - 2400 kg/m3
- Gypsum - 1200 kg/m3
- Sand - 1650 kg/m3
- Concrete Blocks - 1400 kg/m3
- Gravel - 1800 kg/m3
- Wood (average) - 400-700 kg/m3
- Steel - 7850 kg/m3
- Water - 1000 kg/m3
1 Liners about the color of Milestones
- National Highway - Yellow (Upper Part) & White (Bottom Part)
- State Highway - Green (Upper Part) & White (Bottom Part)
- District Roads - Black (Upper Part) & White (Bottom Part)
- Rural Roads - Red (Upper Part) & White (Bottom Part)
1 Liners about the Flat Slab
- Flat slabs or flat plates are slabs that are directly placed on columns (no beams or beams just at the perimeter of the building).
- The distinction between a flat slab and a flat plate.
- A flat slab is one that has either a drop panel or a column capital (or both at the same time) to minimize shear stress at the column slab junction. Flat plates, on the other hand, are slab structures with the slab directly attached to the column.
- As compared to flat plates, flat slabs can stretch greater distances. The range of flat plates can bridge is extremely limited due to shear demand and deflection requirements. Flat plates are more economical for spans of 15 to 20 ft [4.5 to 6 m] and flat slabs are used for spans of 20 to 30 ft[6 to 9 m] according to Macgregor and White's book, mechanics, and construction of reinforced concrete structures.
- Several structural analysis techniques may be used to evaluate flat slabs or surfaces. Among these strategies are:
- DDM (direct design method)
- EFM (equivalent frame method)
- FEM (finite element method)
- Grillage method
- Yield line method, and
- Strip method of analysis.
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