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Units of various items observed during  work | Estimates and cost calculations Units for the Earth Work All the units in the earthworks are to be measured in the unit of Cubic Meter, i.e. m3, except the following; the work of the surface dressing, leveling, cleaning, etc. are to be measured in the unit of the Square Meter, i.e. m2; Cutting of the trees (Girth Specified) is measured in the Nos; For the earthwork, the normal lead and normal lifts are 30m and 1.5m respectively. Units for the Concrete Work All the work of the concrete is measured in the unit of Cubic Meter, i.e. m3, except the following; Lime concreting work that is carried at the roof terrace are measured in the Square Meter, i.e. m2; Screed concrete work is also measured in the Square Meter, i.e. m2; Sometimes PCC is also measured in the Square Meter, i.e. m2; We can say that those work under concreting where thickness is lesser, then it can be measurable in the unit of  Square Meter, i.e. m2. Units for the DPC Work DPC

About Civil Engineering, Did you know these about? 12 basic things you should know about the civil engineering. 1. The weight of the Reinforcement Steel is calculated with the help of the formula, D2/162. Where D is the diameter of the reinforcement. 2. For the cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X 15cm X 15cm or 10cm X 10cm x 10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical molds of size, 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used. 3. The concrete cubes are filled into the 3 layers 4. The slump cone is filled into the 4 layers 5. The minimum % of the steel used in the column is 0.08% of the gross area 6. The maximum % of the steel used in the column is 6.00% of the gross area 7. The minimum % of the steel used in the beam is 1.00% of the gross area 8. The maximum % of the steel used in the beam is 2.00% of the gross area 9. The minimum % of the steel used in the slab is 0.70% of the gross area 10. The maximum % of the steel used in the slab

With this article, we will know the most common abbreviations used in civil engineering. Let we start, The most common abbreviations used A.A.S.H.T.O – American Association of state highway Transport Official. A.C.I – American Concrete Institute. A.R.E.A – American Railway Engineering Association. A.B – Anchor Bolt or Asbestos Board AC – Asphalt Concrete A.S.C – Allowable Stress of concrete. A.S.T.M – American society for testing materials AC – Asbestos cement. AE – Assistant Engineer APM – Assistant Project Manager B.M – Benchmark B.M – Bending moment. BLK – Block Work BOQ – Bill of Quantities BRW – Brick Retaining Wall BWK – Brick Work B.O.F – Bottom of Foundation BHK – Bedroom, Hall, Kitchen C.I. Pipe – Cast iron pipe. C.I. Sheet – Corrugated Iron sheet. CL- Centre Line CRW – Concrete Retaining Wall CBW – Concrete Block Wall CIP – Cast in Place CMU – Concrete Masonry Unit CJ – Construction Joint CC – Centre to Centre CC – Cemen

14 Principles of building planning 14 Principles of building planning that will provide you the brief knowledge about the principles involved and to is required during the planning of the building. Following are the 14 Principles of building planning used in the building construction Aspect / Appearance It is defined by the placement of windows and doors on outside walls in order to make use of natural resources such as sunshine, wind, and wind. Types of room and their suggested aspect: Drawing Room - South, SE Bed Room - West, SW Dining Room - South Kitchen - East Verandah - West, SW Prospect / Landscape Prospect means using stunning views of things outside of structures like gardens, lakes, seas, and rivers through windows, doors, and balconies. The property should have a good view so that the people who live there may feel happy. Orientation The arrangement of rooms in relation to the north direction is referred to as orientation. Privacy Privacy is an essential

Chapter 3 - The main items of work in the detailed estimates The main items of work are as under, Earthwork - Quantities are measured in cubic meters during both excavation and filling. Concrete in foundations - The cubic meter is the unit of measurement. Brick Soling Work - The quantity is measured in square meters, and it is nothing more than a single layer of bricks laid beneath the foundation concrete. D.P.C. (Damp Proof Course) - Quantity is measured in square meters. Masonry Work - Cubic meters are used to quantify quantity. Lintels over apertures - The cubic meter is the unit of measurement. Roofing and flooring - Quantities are measured in sq m. Work with Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.) - The cubic meter is the unit of measurement. Plastering and pointing - The square meter is the unit of measurement. Pillars - Cubic meters are used to quantify quantity. Quantity is measured in square meters for doors, windows, and ventilators. Kilograms and Tonnes are

Chapter 2 - Different Types of Estimates In our earlier article, i.e. Chapter 1 – Basic Introduction to Estimating and Quantity Surveying , we have learned about the basics of Estimates and Quantity Surveying. Now, in this article, we will be going to learn about the different types of estimates that are used to carry out the estimates in this field of Civil Engineering. Follow the article to learn more about the types of estimates, Types of Estimates Detailed estimate or Item Rate estimate or Intensive estimate. A detailed estimate is a precise estimate that is created in two steps. The first stage involves accurately extracting the measurements of each item from the drawings and computing the amounts beneath each item. The cost of each piece of work is determined in the second step, and the overall cost is computed by adding all of the expenses together. A percentage of the projected cost is added to account for those things that do not fall under any of the other headings, as well

Chapter 1 - Introduction to estimating and Surveying by EngineersIndia Introduction to Estimating Estimating may be described as a prediction of the likely cost of a construction or a project before the work begins. It takes talent, experience, foresight, and excellent judgment on the side of the estimator, as well as a thorough understanding of the materials and labor costs involved in the project. If labor and material costs stay constant, a reasonable estimate should not deviate by more than 15% from the actual cost of the project after completion. Guesswork entails making a random decision based on all relevant information. It may result in a figure that is either too high or too low. Estimating aids in the alteration or modification of a project to fit inside a budget. It is helpful in preparing tenders for construction projects and inspecting the work done by contractors for interim and final payments. It also serves as a foundation for determining the regular rent for buildi